World+War+1

=World War 1=

Causes: - __June 28 1914:__ Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne was assassinated in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo by the Black Hand member: Gavrilo Princip

- Liberals had maintained that the organization of European states along national lines would lead to a peaceful Europe based on a sense of international fraternity.

- the system of nation- states did not provide cooperation but competition

- Governments that were against the war were humiliated

- States believed that allies are important and that the security came from protecting those allies

- Each nation state believed they were independent and were sovereign of no other nations.

- Germany wanted to gain part of Russia and Belgium

- France wanted to regain control of the Alsace and the Lorraine

-Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent Serbia from creating a powerful state

- Britian wanted to maintain control of its empire

- Russia wanted to save the Slavic population in the Balkans.

-Not all ethnic group had achieved the goal of nationhood

-Social labor movement had grown more powerful and used strikes, even violent ones.

-The growth of large mass armies after 1900 made it inevitable that a war would be highly destructive

-Military machines have doubled in size between 1890 and 1914

-Russians had the largest military force followed by the French and the Germans

-Most European armies consisted of pesants since the working-class males could not pass the physical examination

-Leaders focused on the military instead of the politics.

__The Outbreak of the war: the summer of 1914__ -Rivalry between Russia and Austria Hungary for domination of the Ottoman empire

-By 1914, Serbia supported Russia

-After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austrian leaders turned to their German allies, Emperor William II and his chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

-July 23rd 1914, Austrian ultimatum on Serbia

-July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia

-July 29, Russia organized a full mobilization of the Russian army.

- August 1st, Germany declares war on Russia

-Schlieffen Plan: minimal armies go to Russia, the rest invade France

- August 3rd, Russia declares war on France

-German ultimatum to Belgium to pass in Belgium

-August 4th, Great Britain declares war on Germany over the violation of the independence and neutrality of Belgium __The war__ - Europeans went to war with enthusiasm because of government propaganda

-In August 1914, everyone thought that the war would be over in a few weeks

-People joined the war because they were bored by the bourgeois living style. To others, war was a glorious adventure

-All of these illusions died on the battlefront

-Germans rested on a military gamble

-First Battle of the Marne (September), French and British tried to stop the advancement of German troops

-Western front became trench warfare

- War in the east had much more mobility -Battle of Tannenberg: Russian advanced into Germany but were defeated August 30. This proved the reputation of commanding General Paul von Hindenburg, and his chief of staff, General Eric Ludendorff

-Italians broke their alliance with Germans and Austrians

-Italians attacked Austrians in May 1915

-September 1915, Germans, Austrians, and Bulgarians attacked and eliminated Serbia from the war

__1916-1917: The Great Slaughter__ - Trenches were protected by barbed wires

-Verdun 1916

- Somme, Britain, 1916

-Champagne, 1917

-Introduction of poison gas in 1915

-Soldiers lived with the constant presence of death

- People were bored in the trenches

__The Widening of the War__ -Both sides looked for new allies who might provide a winning advantage

-Italian military incompetence forced the allies to come to the assistance of Italy

-1917, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes to rebel against their Ottoman overlords

-1918- Britain joined forces in Egypt destroyed the remaining of the Ottoman Empire.

-Allied government drew on African troops

-Japan joined the allies on August 23rd, 1914 to seize German territories in Asia

-Battle of Jutland, on May 31, 1916 Germany navy victory over the British

-German declared a torpedo war on any ship near the British Isles

-Lusitania, ship that was torpedoed by the Germans. Many Americans were on board. May 1915

-Germans believed that the Americans were disorganized and undisciplined

-United States entered the war on April 5, 1917 face the allies a power boost

-Italians were smashed in October

-Bolshevick Revolution in November

__Reason for US neutrality__ - Heavy loss in France Over one and a half million Frenchman dead in 1st year

-Problems in Mexico
 * 1) Invasion of Vera Cruz
 * 2) Pancho Villa
 * 3) Crossed US border
 * 4) US military entered Mexico in pursuit

- British troops put down Irish rebellion 1916

__Reason for US entry__ - Wilson's idealism: after German invasion of Belgium, saw the good and bad parties in the war

-unrestricted submarine warfare
 * May 1915- Lusitania
 * 128 Americans killed
 * August 1915 Arabic
 * 2 Americans killed
 * Arabic pledge
 * Agreed not to kill anymore
 * March 1916- Sussex pledge

- Zimmerman telegram: telegram sent from Germany to the German ambassador in Mexico, Zimmerman. Tells German ambassador what to tell the government. Offered all of the land lost in America, in exchange, they will have to enter the war on the German side Intercepted by the British spies. Major sort of propaganda

-German gamble- UK capitulate before US enters the war. They lost the gamble

__The US in WWI__ - Selective Service Act- Conscription

-US broke the stalemate: brought food and supplies, bodies

-Biggest American victory- September 1918. Pershing led 500 000 US and 100 000 French troops, pushed the Germans back to Sille R. US lost 26 000.

__Home Front:__ - War industry Board: propaganda, rationing

-Opportunities for women? 1) mail carrier 2) Victory gardens 3) Factory work in munitions 4) Radio operators in France 5) Organization 6) Nurses

-Descrimination
 * African American
 * Camp Logan
 * Discouraged to join the army
 * Denied combat role directly
 * Limited number of officers
 * Reasons to fight
 * Citizenship (DuBois)
 * $$$$ (money)
 * Hero
 * Propaganda
 * WEB DuBois
 * Closed ranks
 * Germans
 * Anti German sentiment
 * Bullied
 * Exceptions
 * Town with a majority of Germans
 * Fredericksburg

Propaganda
 * Over by Christmas
 * Pride-family
 * Fun
 * Remember Belgium
 * duty

Civil liberties
 * Espionage and Sedition Act 1917
 * Outlaw espionnage
 * Intergering with the draft
 * 1918 Criticizing the war
 * "national security"
 * First amendment goes to freak and weirdoes
 * Freedom of speech revoked
 * Schenk
 * Sold newspapers criticizing the war

__A New kind of Warfare__ -By the end of 1915, airplanes appeared on the battlefield

-Germans used the zeppelins to bomb England

-Tanks were introduced in 1916- Britain

-1918, British Mark V model. Tanks had more powerful engines and greater maneuverability. Could be used in large numbers. __The Homefront: The impact of Total War__ - Affected the lives of all citizens.

-Economic demands became a major concern

-Great Britain recruited volunteers

- 1916- COmpulsory military service was introduced in Great Britain

- Some governemtn moved to compulsory employment

- the distinction between soldiers and civilians at home narrowed

-Germany had good war materials but few food supplies. Imported 20% of good and destruction of food labor.

- British government took a more active role in economic matters.

-Ministry of Munitions in July 1915 under David Lloyd George

-End of 1917- French George Clemenceau. "War is too important to be left to generals"

-Unarmed Russians soldiers were sent to the battlefront and advised to pick up riffles of dead soldiers

-Civilian moral cracked in 1916

-Strikes increased

-Liberals called to peace, socialists called for negotiated settlements

-Only the threat of military force and prison called the strikers to go back to work - New strategies of propaganda were employed

-Created new roles for women- they replaced work that men did before going to the front

-1917- women and man were paid equally

-WOmen were given the right to vote immediately after the war

-David Lloyd George became Britain's prime minister in 1916

__End of the War__ - Inflation happned because of the debt in the war

-Income taxes increased and states borrowed money

-individual loaning money

-Some nations printed more money

-France and England were in debt to the United States

-Colonial empires had to pay for the war

-Japan became more powerful

__death polls__ Russia: 76% British Empire: 35.8% United States: 7.1% Germany: 64.9% Turkey: 34.2% France: 73.3% Italy: 39.1% Japan: 0.2% Austria Hungary: 90% Bulgaria: 22.2%

Dictatorship: single power state (Russia became a single party state under Lenin) - Controled the economy -Controled the information -changed education system -propaganda -use of terror -purges (Lenin killed 200 000 people, Hitler-Night of Long Knives)

__THe 14 Points:__ Wilson wanted to help in how the war ended. (Wilson grew up after the Civil War. Saw disunity after the war. Believed war should end not causing bad beelings to end a war. Better economically for peace). Wrote the 14 points to end WWI and to preserve peace for the future.

What Germany used to surrender.

1) opponents of peace, not secret treaties 2) Freedom of navigation on the high seas 3) Equality of trade 4) national armament reduced 5) empartial endorsement of colonial trade. people should have a say to the country that controls them 6) evacuation of German territories 7) Belgium 8) France freed and Alsace and Lorraine 9) Italy frontieres 10) Austria would get self determination- Bosnia 11)Serbs 12) Turkish from Ottoman Empire- sovereignity. Dardanelle open 13) Polish state 3 new countries (Poland, Uzbekistan, Chekoslovakia) 14) League of Nations- insurrance against World War. US didn't enter the LoN

__Treaty of Versailles__ - started in January 1919

-32 Countries met

League of Nations: the first international organization for maintaining world peace and brought freedom to many ethnic groups previously under foreign rule.

the great powers: USA, France, and Britain Usa- Woodrow Wilson France- Clemenceau Britain- Lloyd George

Council of ten: 2 members from each of the 5 powers: USA, France, England, Italy and Japan. Met daily at the conference to take all the important decisions.

Lloyd George fought hard to keep German territories to a minimum and more areas should be given pleibiscites

Clemenceau: German frontieres be pushed to the Rhine

In March 1920, the US Senate failed to give the majority needed for the peace treaties to be ratified

Neither Britain nor the USA shared France's enthousiasm for punishing Germany.

Lloyd George dislike Wilson's idea of "freedom of the seas".

THe British were not prepared to help France keep Germany weak

They came to see the treaty as a mistake

Treaty of London (1915)- Italy was promised a share in any partition of the Ottoman EMpire or of German colonies

THe Kaiser was overthrown in the German Revolution of November 1918. THe Treaty of Versailles was presented to the Germans with no negotiation (a diktat-dictated peace).

The alternative of not signing the treaty was a resumption of the war.

Weimar Republic:

Many ex-soldiers refused to disarm after the war and became part of Freikorps.

Germans had to accept responsability for the war (THe "war guilt" Clause) and to pay reparations

In January 1923, France and Belgium sent troops into the Ruhr. Germany's most important industrial region

"Great inflation of 1923. more money printed in Germany.

more money printed in Germany

1923 government under Gustav Stresemann accepted the principles of fulfilment- obeying the terms of the treaty of Versailles

Dawes Plan of 1924- determined the amount of reparations the Germans should pay each year, and approved the promised American loans

Treaty of Saint Germain- September 1919. Austria agreed to pay reparations, but the collapse of the Bank of Vienna in 1922 meant nothing was paid. Austria was permitted an army of no more than 30 000 men.

Treaty of Neuilly, November 1919. Bulgaria had to pay 100 pounds in reparations. Bulgaria's army was limited to 20 000 men,

Treaty of trianon, June 1920. Hungary agreed to pay reparations, but the collapse of Hungary's economy in the early 1920's meant nothing was ever paid. Hungary was permitted an army of no more than 35 000 men.

Treaty of Sevres- 1) Turkey recovered Smyrna and Eastern Thrace from Greece 2) All foreign troops left Turkey 3) Turkey regained control over the Straits 4) Turkey did not have to pay reparations 5) No limits were placed on Turkey's armed forces,

__The League of Nations__ -Victorious powers did not really agree among themselves about the League - USA never joined the League - League was based in Geneva, Switzerland - Britain, France, Italy, and Japan were permanent members. -The number of additional states represented increased to 9 over the years