The+Rise+of+Extremism+in+Europe

=The Rise of Extremism in Europe (Mainly Mussolini and Franco)=

- In the late 20s and 30s, there was a ride in extremism because of the crisis --> people were looking for a leader to lead people out of the problems - There were huge numbers of Fascists and communists in the UK and France - Similarities between all extremists: - Fascism encourages taking over other countries
 * authoritarian
 * uses scapegoats
 * controls info: education, history, speeches, art, radio, newspapers, press, ECT
 * purges to consolidate power
 * cults of personality
 * keep power and tend to be dictators

__Italy/Mussolini:__ - Mussolini didn't really have a scapegoat - Head of Italy in 1922

__Spain/Franco:__ - 1931 Monarch of Spain - Alphonso 13th - was overthrown - left wing won control of government and so Spain had a reformist government - the government separated the church and state, created a constitution, lowered the size of the military, and tried to get rid of military schools - Nationalists/Fascists started a civil war with the leftists in 1936 - Started in 1936 election between socialists and communists - War between **Nationalists (Fascists)** and **Republicans (Socialists)** - Germany supported the Nationalists a lot (weapons, money, ECT) - Catholic Church also helped Nationalists - Henry Ford gave money to Hitler and Nationalists - Portugal supported Nationalists - France and US declared neutral - Mexico helped the Republicans by giving them food - Franco rose to power because he was a leader through the civil war and all his opponents had died - He took power in 1939 - Hitler used Spanish Civil War to practice civilian bombings (Guernica) - Franco stayed in control until 1975 and then died in his sleep Consolidation of Power://-// Franco put trustworthy generals in key positions in government - Stripped critics of positions - Gave people menial jobs over seas - Passed 1939 Head of State Law: no democratic body and he could put anyone in jail --> dictator with full control - fixed low wages - 1/2 of what people made before civil war - Nationalized railroads --> autocratic - labor camps - 35,000 people executed after civil war -- all Republicans
 * 2 groups for power: right wing (church, big business, ECT) and left wing: (anarchist, socialists, communists, ECT)
 * Franco the head of the most prominent military school
 * Abraham Lincoln brigade helped the Republicans
 * El Guernica by Pablo Picasso was painted to portray the horrors of the attack -- 700,000 civilians died
 * controlling the transportation allowed him to control the economy

__Germany/Hitler:__ - Hitler became Chancellor in 1934 - Henry Ford gave money to Hitler //Weimar Republic:// - In TOV, Germany lost 1/5 of land, 1/2 of coal supplies, 4/5 of iron mining, 1/4 of grain production, and 1/7 of population - TOV = Dictakt - Germany associated democracy with the losses of WW1 because they wanted the Monarch - November Criminals - people who signed armistice and TOV - Hyperinflation caused chaos - Hoover feed Germans to help them from mass starvation - Germany was economically deplete and morale deplete - **Stesseman** the Chancellor (August 1923 -- 4 months) and Foreign Minister (5 years), helped save Germany - Government of Germany was wet up in Weimer - Weimer Constitution - 1919-1933: Weimer period - women got suffrage in 1919 - 11 million women worked in WW1 and they continued working afterwards - Germany had bee very patriarchal and traditional and they wanted to return to their "traditional" values of women at home - Nazi's appealed to "Traditional Family Values" which were anti-women - However, Ger became very liberal in the 20s - 2/3 of women who worked didn't have a salary - In the 20s, Berlin was the most promiscuous place in the world
 * They considered it a "stab in the back" when they signed the TOV
 * 1) Created the Rentenmark (1923)
 * 2) Ended hyperinflation
 * 3) Organized the Dawes Plan (1924)
 * 4) USA loaned Germany 800 million gold marks and annual reparations should be reduced
 * 5) Organized the Young Plan (1929)
 * 6) extended the time Germany had to pay the reparations until 1988 (actually stopped in 1930)
 * Many people thought that women's rights were against the culture
 * Cabaret