Diplomacy

=Diplomacy=

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__**14 points**__ - By Woodrow Wilson (US President) - Wilson believed that wars shouldn't end by punishing the losers that cause bad feelings, but rather they should learn form the war - 14 pts. would end it and create peace and preserve peace for the future - 14 pts. is what Germany thought they were surrendering to:
 * 1) There should be no secret alliances between countries √
 * 2) Freedom of the seas in peace and war
 * 3) The reduction of trade barriers among nations √ (sorta)
 * 4) The general reduction of armaments √
 * 5) The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers √ (except UK and Fr)
 * 6) The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations √
 * 7) The restoration of Belgian territories in Germany √
 * 8) The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine √
 * 9) The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality √
 * 10) Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary √
 * 11) The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia (I think √, but not sure)
 * 12) Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles (not sure)
 * 13) Independence for Poland, including access to the sea √
 * 14) A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike." (self-determination i believe -- basically the creation of the LoN)


 * WW1 armistice on 11/11/1918 11:11:11**

- Dominated by US, UK, and Fr - US (Wilson) wanted peace, LoN, self-determination, end policies that started war - UK (Lloyd George) was in the middle; John Maynard Keynes (economist) warned against reparations - Fr (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Ger - Jan. 18 1919: 1st day of conference (and anniversary of Franco-Prussian war) - Fr starts speech with "must repay evil that was done" --> nationalistic,not related to healing - discussed who was responsible for war, TWE of reparations, how to punish war criminals - all countries wanted to be represented: Italy and Japan wanted more land; Ho Chi Min went even though not invited - Alsace-Lorraine to France - Belgium freed - creation of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia - Rhineland was demilitarized - thought that by creating big countries, they would be creating a balance of power --- (didn't work) - German military cut to 100,000 men -- couldn't defend if attacked - Germany had a vital loss of industrial territory - reparations led to massive inflation -- probably to hyperinflation - HEAVY reparations = $33 billion, £16.6 million - Germany couldn't join Austria for help with economics - **Guilt Clause: 231 Most Controversial - made to sign treaty saying they were solely responsible for the war** - it was a disgrace to Germans -- they didn't think they were responsible - used this to justify the heavy reparations - Germans didn't agree to it at first - This is the main reason the TOV became the most hated document in Germany - first 26 clauses set up League of Nations - 1923 - Germany had a lot of trouble feeding people as well as other problems - no one really gets what they want from this treaty because they tried to make everyone happy - China doesn't sign ToV - Keynes quits because they don't listen to his prediction, which ended up correct
 * __Treaty of Versailles - January 1919__**

- the organization and structure of the league FAIL - had no military FAIL (and partially why UK and FR had so much influence/control) - council in case of emergency - dominated by UK and FR - 48 member states - US not part of LoN FAIL - Henry Cabot Lodge is the reason the US didn't join because of polarization and he thought that the US should be the main power controlling it - polarization - parties not willing to work together - at first the countries defeated weren't allowed to join - Germany entered in 1926 and left in 1933 - Russia entered in 1933, even though Stalin wasn't interested in nationalism - LoN helped refugees return home and people moving SUCCESS - ended slavery, especially in Africa SUCCESS - set-up trade unions, human rights, and increased workers rights (labor unions were the core of workers rights) SUCCESS - Mandate commission came with the LoN SUCCESS sorta.. i think - Abyssinia (Ethiopia): Italy very violently attacks Abyssinia, killing harmless people with gas and intense slaughter FAIL - In terms of Italy, the LoN thought that if they weren't as hard on Mussolini then he wouldn't be swayed by Hitler - Haile Selase - "The Lion King" King of Ethiopia made a huge, heart-wrenching speech about it - could have prevented oil from Suez Canal - arms control - embargo on running guns to Ethiopia - Manchuria - LoN should have helped China when Japan attacked and violently destroyed and took over - 1931 FAIL - LoN negotiated territorial votes of people involved on who they wanted to be controlled by FAIL - LoN in long run FAIL
 * __League of Nations__**

- concept idea of comprise between 2 philosophies: self-determination of colonies and colonial philosohpies - __Idea__ is to help countries who need stability and help develop it - PMC - Permanent Mandate Commission, article 22* - Mandates give the appearance of help but legitimizes FR and UK imperialism - Many promises were broken after WW1 - Palestine (UK gov broke) - Mandates - 14 Pts. (to Ger) - part of article 22 was that the people should be the main consideration on who they wanted to rule them - December 18, 1918 Clemenceau and Lloyd George decided that FR would get that area because of the Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) --- it was a secret meeting - Re-asserted Sykes-Picot arrangement so that FR got Syria and Lebanon and UK got Iran, Iraq, and Palestine - In Syria and Lebanon, FR developed a divide and conquer technique - they put minorities in charge, which caused __a lot__ of problems - FR government established a colonial system - developed low pay and long job hours - best way to get a job was to acculturate to French culture - All Nationalism - feared their culture was watered down - They (Syria and Lebanon) wanted self-determination - King Faisal led both the 1920 rebellion and the 1925-1927 rebellion - The French ruled until 1944 - 1920 there was a rebellion in Iraq that the British put down - UK lost ~4000 and Iraq lost ~10000 - UK brought in King Faisal and ruled from 1921-1932 as a monarch watched by the UK - UK kept control of foreign policy and oil - UK set-up infrastructure - Still traces of colonialism - Almost all oil revenues went to Britain all up to 1900s UK were taxing iranians on oil even though they didn't get any oil - iran rebellion to nationalize oil in 1953 - OPEK: oil cartel that controlled oil prices - **Washington Naval Conference 1921:** showed commitment to peace - 1st conference in the US - Japan wanted US and UK to lower the amount of ships - 5 power pact 1922: gentleman's agreement to limit the amount of naval power; no consequences - Large warships: US-5, UK-5, Japan-3, Italy and France-1.67 - no more capital ships for 10 years - **Geneva Conference 1927:** Pres. Coleridge issues naval disarmament. France and Italy refuse to cooperate FAIL - 9 power pact 1922
 * __Mandates__**
 * - King-Crane Commission (Feb. 1919)** - American group to find out who the Arabs wanted to rule them as a mandate. They met with __many__ important people. Majority wanted Syria and Lebanon as 1 rule themselves and if they had to choose then they wanted the US then UK and LAST the FR