Cardenas+and+Vargas+(leaders+info)

=Cardenas and Vargas (for leaders comparison part - put info on Cardenas in other appropriate places as well)=

- leader from 1930-1945; 1951-1954 - he was a populist --> big change movement, pro-middle/working class movement - tenets led earlier populist movement - failed - 1929 Brazil in HUGE debt and government near collapse - Their economy was based on coffee - Most peasants were landless, had no money, and no work - very high unemployment rates - Coffee sales in Brazil lowered because the world demand for coffee decreased - ranches nominated Vargas for president - Vargas wanted to change the structure that coffee elites ran - 1930 election was crazy, there was no good outcome - Vargas' running mate was assassinated - Vargas became president because the military decided he would be president - **main goal:** bring in middle class to Brazil - new social groups: industrialists (not coffee), shopkeepers, less amount of coffee - he burned coffee trees to increase the price - many changes to political system: - secret ballet for voting - lowered the voting age to 18 - extended voting for working women - illiterate people couldn't vote - 95% of population couldn't vote - women (18) elected in legislator - 1934, wrote new constitution that extended his power until 1938 - outlawed other political parties - nationalized mines that were owned by foriegners - fixed minimum wage, guaranteed right to strike, 8 hour work days, set-up social security - allowed __approved__ strikes; if government agree then the police would violently put down the strike - leftist groups tried to overthrow him in 1935 - Vargas established the //Estado Novo// making him dictator: no voting, no congress, only his political party - based on Fascist models in Europe - centralized government - encouraged truck/airline/train industries - set-up merit based system and got rid of patronage - stayed in power through-out WW2
 * __Getúlio Vargas__**

__**Lázaro Cardenas**__ - leader from 1934-1940 - Reformist - socialist leader - had been governor of Michoacán '28-'32 - Calles supported him and thought that he would act as one of Calles' puppets - Instead, Cardenas had Calles exiled - He implemented more social reforms - Agrarian reform - he distributed 49 million acres of arable land - built schools, extended social services, hospitals, ECT - Cardenas created the **Banco de Crédito Ejidos** which is where the people could invest in seed to grow crops for money - didn't have enough money - loans to 3500 ejidos - Very interested in implementing 1917 constitution - domestic reform included: - **Massive land reform** - he gave land to 1/3 of the population. Especially the cash crops went to the ejidos - **Banco de Crédito de Ejido** - buy seed/ borrow money - This was a big step away from share cropping and there were no company stores - established ~3500 loans, making the ejidos slaves to the banks rather to the haciendados - **Church (secular)** - secularism caused problems/rebellion - **Schools** taught socialist ideals - workers - Churches didn't like this - Cardenas also wanted to teach sex education in schools - the Church hated this (churches told people who went to schools with sex ed would go to Hell) and they decided that the socialist ideals weren't as bad compared to teaching sex ed. - Church backed off socialist ideals and government backed off sex ed - CROM had scandals and issues. They got rid of Luis Moronoes and put in Vicente Toledano. Toledano was a Marxist and thought that partial socialism was good for Mexico - got rid of problems with CROM and created CMT. - CMT had about 1 million workers and they developed health, sanitation, recreation, education, ECT - Minimum wage increased to 4 pesos a day per family - average family mom made .5 pesos a day - CMT was very popular and connected to President - conflicts with US: - oil workers went on strike because of Positive Acts - it's dangerous work and they thought they should get more wages - Cardenas ordered arbitrary board to listen to different sides - workers increased by 1/3 and they wanted pension - US said no to request so..... - **Cardenas nationalized in oil on March 18 1938** - FDR strictly believed in Good Neighbor Policy, so didn't interfere with Latin America - Mexico had to pay off the oil companies ($24 million); people all over Mexico helped pay - PEMEX - Petroleum Mexico - 6th largest in the world - initial problems with nationalizing the oil - US companies wouldn't allow Mexican companies to buy spare parts - Mexico didn't exactly know how to do the work, at first - Women's rights had a lot of support: - Cuca Garciz - promoted feminist socialism - protection for women's working conditions - couldn't vote until '53 - depression was not heavily felt - Problems still remaining from the Mexican Revolution was the main origin of problems - Mexico wasn't connected too much to the US economically - not a lot of US investment - nationalizing the oil was good in the long run, but caused inflation in the short run - He was replaced by Manuel Camacho, who was right wing